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J Appl Physiol 55: 628-634, 1983;
8750-7587/83 $5.00
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Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 55, Issue 2 628-634, Copyright © 1983 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange

K. N. Frayn

This paper reviews the assumptions involved in calculating rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation from measurements of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary nitrogen excretion. It is shown that erroneous results are obtained in the presence of metabolic processes such as lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. The apparent rates calculated under these conditions can, however, be interpreted as net rates of "utilization." Thus the apparent rate of carbohydrate oxidation is the sum of the rates of utilization for oxidation and for lipogenesis minus the rate at which carbohydrate is formed from amino acids. The apparent rate of fat oxidation is the difference between the rates of oxidation and synthesis from carbohydrate, so that the apparently negative rates encountered in patients infused with glucose do quantitatively represent net rates of synthesis. Other processes such as synthesis of ketone bodies or lactate at rates greater than their utilization can also disturb the calculations, but the magnitude of the effect can be estimated from appropriate measurements. Methods of correcting the observed gaseous exchange in these circumstances are given.


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K. Sahlin, M. Mogensen, M. Bagger, M. Fernstrom, and P. K. Pedersen
The potential for mitochondrial fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle influences whole body fat oxidation during low-intensity exercise
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2007; 292(1): E223 - E230.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. C. Hannukainen, P. Nuutila, B. Ronald, J. Kaprio, U. M. Kujala, T. Janatuinen, O. J. Heinonen, J. Kapanen, T. Viljanen, M. Haaparanta, et al.
Increased physical activity decreases hepatic free fatty acid uptake: a study in human monozygotic twins
J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 347 - 358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Magkos, B. W. Patterson, and B. Mittendorfer
No effect of menstrual cycle phase on basal very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2006; 291(6): E1243 - E1249.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. B. Votruba and M. D. Jensen
Sex-specific differences in leg fat uptake are revealed with a high-fat meal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2006; 291(5): E1115 - E1123.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
M. C. Devries, M. J. Hamadeh, S. M. Phillips, and M. A. Tarnopolsky
Menstrual cycle phase and sex influence muscle glycogen utilization and glucose turnover during moderate-intensity endurance exercise
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R1120 - R1128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. J Stevenson, C. Williams, L. E Mash, B. Phillips, and M. L Nute
Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 354 - 360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Schenk and J. F. Horowitz
Coimmunoprecipitation of FAT/CD36 and CPT I in skeletal muscle increases proportionally with fat oxidation after endurance exercise training
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2006; 291(2): E254 - E260.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. D'Amico, J. Shi, R. V Sekhar, F. Jahoor, K. J Ellis, K. Rehman, J. Willis, M. Maldonado, and A. Balasubramanyam
Physiologic growth hormone replacement improves fasting lipid kinetics in patients with HIV lipodystrophy syndrome
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 204 - 211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Mourtzakis, B. Saltin, T. Graham, and H. Pilegaard
Carbohydrate metabolism during prolonged exercise and recovery: interactions between pyruvate dehydrogenase, fatty acids, and amino acids
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2006; 100(6): 1822 - 1830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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N. D. Knuth and J. F. Horowitz
The Elevation of Ingested Lipids within Plasma Chylomicrons Is Prolonged in Men Compared with Women
J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1498 - 1503.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. A. Sandoval, D. L. Aftab Guy, M. A. Richardson, A. C. Ertl, and S. N. Davis
Acute, same-day effects of antecedent exercise on counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1331 - E1338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Ostergard, J. L. Andersen, B. Nyholm, S. Lund, K.S. Nair, B. Saltin, and O. Schmitz
Impact of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, physical fitness, and muscle oxidative capacity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2006; 290(5): E998 - E1005.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. E. Jeukendrup, L. Moseley, G. I. Mainwaring, S. Samuels, S. Perry, and C. H. Mann
Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during ultraendurance exercise
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2006; 100(4): 1134 - 1141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. E. Blaak, G. Hul, C. Verdich, V. Stich, A. Martinez, M. Petersen, E. F. M. Feskens, K. Patel, J. M. Oppert, P. Barbe, et al.
Fat Oxidation before and after a High Fat Load in the Obese Insulin-Resistant State
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1462 - 1469.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
R. L. P. G. Jentjens, K. Underwood, J. Achten, K. Currell, C. H. Mann, and A. E. Jeukendrup
Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates are elevated after combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise in the heat
J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2006; 100(3): 807 - 816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Magkos, D. C. Wright, B. W. Patterson, B. S. Mohammed, and B. Mittendorfer
Lipid metabolism response to a single, prolonged bout of endurance exercise in healthy young men
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2006; 290(2): E355 - E362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. Miyashita, S. F Burns, and D. J Stensel
Exercise and postprandial lipemia: effect of continuous compared with intermittent activity patterns
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2006; 83(1): 24 - 29.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Yokoyama, M. Emoto, K. Mori, T. Araki, M. Teramura, H. Koyama, T. Shoji, M. Inaba, and Y. Nishizawa
Plasma Adiponectin Level Is Associated with Insulin-Stimulated Nonoxidative Glucose Disposal
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2006; 91(1): 290 - 294.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. J. Woerle, E. Szoke, C. Meyer, J. M. Dostou, S. D. Wittlin, N. R. Gosmanov, S. L. Welle, and J. E. Gerich
Mechanisms for abnormal postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2006; 290(1): E67 - E77.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
S. B. Haugaard, O. Andersen, S. Madsbad, C. Frosig, J. Iversen, J. O. Nielsen, and J. F.P. Wojtaszewski
Skeletal Muscle Insulin Signaling Defects Downstream of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase at the Level of Akt Are Associated With Impaired Nonoxidative Glucose Disposal in HIV Lipodystrophy
Diabetes, December 1, 2005; 54(12): 3474 - 3483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. E. Carey, J. Gerrard, G. W. Cline, C. Dalla Man, P. T. English, M. J. Firbank, C. Cobelli, and R. Taylor
Acute inhibition of lipolysis does not affect postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2005; 289(6): E941 - E947.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Meyer, P. Saar, N. Soydan, M. Eckhard, R. G. Bretzel, J. Gerich, and T. Linn
A Potential Important Role of Skeletal Muscle in Human Counterregulation of Hypoglycemia
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6244 - 6250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Physiol.Home page
L. H Enevoldsen, L Simonsen, and J Bulow
Postprandial triacylglycerol uptake in the legs is increased during exercise and post-exercise recovery
J. Physiol., November 1, 2005; 568(3): 941 - 950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. C. Carpentier, F. Frisch, D. Cyr, P. Genereux, B. W. Patterson, R. Giguere, and J.-P. Baillargeon
On the suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids by insulin during enhanced intravascular lipolysis in humans
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2005; 289(5): E849 - E856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C L. Kien, J. Y Bunn, and F. Ugrasbul
Increasing dietary palmitic acid decreases fat oxidation and daily energy expenditure
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 320 - 326.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Diabetes CareHome page
M. P. Francescato, L. Cattin, M. Geat, E. Tosoratti, S. Lazzer, C. Noacco, and P. E. di Prampero
Glucose Pulse: A simple method to estimate the amount of glucose oxidized during exercise in type 1 diabetic patients
Diabetes Care, August 1, 2005; 28(8): 2028 - 2030.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Aftab Guy, D. Sandoval, M. A. Richardson, D. Tate, and S. N. Davis
Effects of glycemic control on target organ responses to epinephrine in type 1 diabetes
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2005; 289(2): E258 - E265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. P. Harber, S. Schenk, A. L. Barkan, and J. F. Horowitz
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in response to short-term dietary carbohydrate restriction
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2005; 289(2): E306 - E312.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Physiol.Home page
P. T Fueger, J. Shearer, T. M Krueger, K. A Posey, D. P Bracy, S. Heikkinen, M. Laakso, J. N Rottman, and D. H Wasserman
Hexokinase II protein content is a determinant of exercise endurance capacity in the mouse
J. Physiol., July 15, 2005; 566(2): 533 - 541.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Nutr Clin PractHome page
A. Skipper and N. Tupesis
Is There a Role for Nonprotein Calories in Developing and Evaluating the Nutrient Prescription?
Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2005; 20(3): 321 - 324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. J. Hamadeh, M. C. Devries, and M. A. Tarnopolsky
Estrogen Supplementation Reduces Whole Body Leucine and Carbohydrate Oxidation and Increases Lipid Oxidation in Men during Endurance Exercise
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3592 - 3599.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
M. F. Nielsen, A. Caumo, N. K. Aagaard, V. Chandramouli, W. C. Schumann, B. R. Landau, O. Schmitz, and H. Vilstrup
Contribution of defects in glucose uptake to carbohydrate intolerance in liver cirrhosis: assessment during physiological glucose and insulin concentrations
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): G1135 - G1143.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. F. Horowitz, A. E. Kaufman, A. K. Fox, and M. P. Harber
Energy deficit without reducing dietary carbohydrate alters resting carbohydrate oxidation and fatty acid availability
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2005; 98(5): 1612 - 1618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. P. Uranga, J. Levine, and M. Jensen
Isotope tracer measures of meal fatty acid metabolism: reproducibility and effects of the menstrual cycle
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2005; 288(3): E547 - E555.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. R. Greenfield, K. Samaras, C. S. Hayward, D. J. Chisholm, and L. V. Campbell
Beneficial Postprandial Effect of a Small Amount of Alcohol on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Modification by Insulin Resistance
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 661 - 672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
E. Vaillancourt, S. Prud'Homme, F. Haman, C. G. Guglielmo, and J.-M. Weber
Energetics of a long-distance migrant shorebird (Philomachus pugnax) during cold exposure and running
J. Exp. Biol., January 15, 2005; 208(2): 317 - 325.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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